home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK04298}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Typhoid}
- $Subject{Typhoid Typhoid Fever Salmonella Typhi Infection Enteric Fever
- Salmonella Botulism Ptomaine Poisoning Cholera }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1990 International Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 730:
- Typhoid
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Typhoid) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate
- names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Typhoid Fever
- Salmonella Typhi Infection
- Enteric Fever
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Salmonella
- Botulism
- Ptomaine Poisoning
- Cholera
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that is rare in the United States.
- However it is not rare in many other countries. Major symptoms may include
- unusually high fever, headache, loss of appetite, fatigue, abdominal pain and
- diarrhea.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Typhoid is an intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
- Antibodies to the bacteria can be detected in the blood (Widal's test).
- Salmonella typhi can be cultured from the patient's blood, urine and feces as
- well. The infection incubates for one or two weeks. A gradual development
- of headache, loss of appetite, fatigue and constipation occurs. During the
- following weeks there is a gradual rise in temperature to about 104 F,
- abdominal pain, a slowed pulse rate, nosebleeds, rose-colored spots on the
- chest and diarrhea. Intestinal ulceration and bleeding can lead to anemia
- and peritonitis. These conditions may be fatal if the patient is left
- untreated. Heart failure may also occur.
-
- Even after a complete recovery from Typhoid fever the patient may remain
- a carrier of the bacteria for a number of weeks, months or even years. Those
- who have had Typhoid should be very careful of personal hygiene and avoid
- handling food that other people eat until the bacteria is no longer present
- in the patient's feces.
-
- Causes
-
- Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is the most serious
- of the Salmonella infections. Contaminated food or water is most often the
- source of a Typhoid outbreak. Contact with a carrier of the bacterium,
- polluted water, infected food or milk, shellfish harvested from polluted
- water, or fresh vegetables grown in contaminated soil are all sources of the
- Salmonella Typhi bacterium. People who have had Typhoid are "carriers" until
- the bacteria is completely gone from their body. If they touch food served
- to other people when their hands are not properly washed, they can spread
- Typhoid to those who eat the food.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Typhoid affects males and females in equal numbers. In the United States
- there are only about 500 cases of Typhoid diagnosed each year, and over 62%
- of these are contracted in other countries. The major sources of cases in
- the United States between the years 1975-1984 were Mexico (39%) and India
- (14%). In Mexico, Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East where the
- fatality rate is as high as 10% each year, Typhoid is still a serious health
- problem. In the U.S., outbreaks are usually traced to a Typhoid carrier in
- the food handling business (e.g. restaurants, hotels, etc.).
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Typhoid fever.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Salmonella poisoning is a form of gastroenteritis. It is the most common
- cause of outbreaks of foodborne disease in the United States. This bacteria
- may infect meat, dairy and vegetable products. Outbreaks are most common in
- warm weather and in children under the age of seven. Nausea, vomiting, and
- chills are the most common initial symptoms. These are followed by abdominal
- pain, diarrhea and fever which may last from five days to several weeks. The
- CDC estimates that there are approximately 2 to 4 million Salmonellosis cases
- in the United States each year.
-
- Botulism is a form of gastroenteritis caused by a bacterial toxin. This
- toxin is a neuromuscular poison. It occurs in three forms: foodborne,
- wound, and infantile botulism. The most common form is foodborne. The
- patient may experience weakness, fatigue, headache, and dizziness as well as
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Botulism" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Ptomaine Poisoning is the fourth most common cause of bacterial foodborne
- disease in the United States. It is caused by a protein enterotoxin that is
- produced after eating infected food, usually meat products. The disease is
- characterized by severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Nausea often occurs
- as well. However, vomiting and fever are rare.
-
- Cholera is a bacterial infection involving the entire small intestine and
- marked by severe diarrhea and vomiting. Symptoms are caused by a toxin
- released by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Drinking water, or eating seafood,
- vegetables, and other foods contaminated with the excrement of Cholera
- patients spreads the disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose
- "Cholera" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Typhoid is treated with the antibiotic drugs chloramphenicol, ampicillin,
- cefoperazone, pefloxacin, co-trimoxazole or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
- Precautions to take, especially when visiting countries with unsanitary
- conditions, includes the practice of good personal hygiene and careful
- washing of hands. Avoid drinking untreated water, drinks served with ice,
- unpeeled fruits and vegetables, and other food that is cooked and not served
- hot. In food preparation; wash and sanitize utensils in hot water; carefully
- clean cutting boards, work areas and equipment; keep hot foods at 165 F and
- cold foods at 40 F or colder to avoid the possible growth of bacteria in
- food. Typhoid vaccination and food precautions are necessary before
- traveling to developing countries where this kind of disease is prevalent.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Scientists are investigating vaccines that will hopefully provide the
- traveler full protection against Typhoid without severe side-effects.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Typhoid, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Center for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- 404-329-3534
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 1664-1691, 1696.
-
- SALMONELLA TYPHI INFECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1975-1984: INCREASING
- ROLE OF FOREIGN TRAVEL , C.A. Ryan, et al.; Rev Infect Dis (January-February,
- 1989, issue 11 (1)). Pp. 1-8.
-
- CEFOPERAZONE COMPARED WITH CHLORAMPHENICOL IN THE TREATMENT OF TYPHOID
- FEVER. F. Paradisi, Chemotherapy (1988, issue 34 (1)). Pp. 71-76.
-
- CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH PEFLOXACIN IN THE THERAPY OF TYPHOID FEVER. P.
- Chistiano, et al.; Infection (March-April, 1989, issue 17 (2)). Pp. 86-67.
-
- ASSESSMENT ON ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID
- FEVERS IN BRITAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 1971-1980. R.J. Fallon, et al.; J
- Infect (March, 1988, issue 16 (2)). Pp. 129-134.
-
- MARY MALLON'S TRAIL OF TYPHOID, C. Cary, FDA Consumer, (June, 1989), Pp.
- 18-21. (See article in Prevalent Disorders section of NORD Services).
-
-